A ingestão do anti-inflamatório não esteroide naproxeno afeta parâmetros neuromusculares e metabólicos? / Does the ingestion of naproxen affect neuromuscular and metabolic parameters?

O naproxeno, assim como outros anti-inflamatórios não esteroides (AINEs), está entre os medicamentos mais prescritos no mundo. O objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o efeito da ingestão de naproxeno em parâmetros neuromusculares e determinar seu efeito no dano muscular por meio do uso do marcador lactato. Metodologicamente, foi conduzido um estudo cruzado randomizado, duplo-cego e controlado por placebo em 11 homens treinados em resistência, que realizaram uma sessão de treinamento de força após ingerir 500 mg de naproxeno e outra sessão de treinamento após ingerir um placebo. Os participantes realizaram três séries de supino horizontal com uma carga de 90% da repetição máxima (1RM) até a falha concêntrica. As variáveis de resultado incluíram número de repetições, carga de trabalho e lactato. Os resultados mostraram que há uma correlação positiva e moderada entre as variáveis somatório de repetições e carga total e entre as variáveis lactato e carga total, no grupo naproxeno. No grupo placebo, a correlação positiva e moderada deu-se entre somatório de repetições e carga total. Na análise magnitude baseada nas interferências, as variáveis se mostraram possíveis para uma probabilidade positiva ou trivial e improvável para uma probabilidade negativa. Concluiu-se no presente estudo que o uso do naproxeno como recurso ergogênico no treinamento de força reduz a percepção de fadiga, mas não tem efeito direto no dano muscular, analisado a partir do marcador lactato, logo não interfere de maneira significativa nos parâmetros neuromusculares analisados.

Naproxen, as other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), features among the most widely prescribed drugs in the world. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of naproxen intake on neuromuscular parameters and determine its effect on muscle damage through the use of the lactate marker. In terms of methodology, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study was conducted on 11 resistance-trained men who underwent a strength training session after taking 500 mg of naproxen and another training session after taking a placebo. The participants performed three sets of horizontal bench presses with a load of 90% maximum repetition (1RM) until concentric failure. Result variables included number of repetitions, workload and lactate. The results showed that there is a positive and moderate correlation between the sum of repetition and total load variables and between lactate and total load variables in the naproxen group. In the placebo group, a positive and moderate correlation was observed between sum of repetitions and total load. In the magnitude analysis, based on the interferences, the variables were shown to be possible for a positive or trivial probability and unlikely for a negative probability. It was concluded that the use of naproxen as an ergogenic resource in strength training reduces the perception of fatigue but has no direct effect on muscle damage when analyzed from the lactate marker, therefore it does not significantly interfere in the analyzed neuromuscular parameters.

Specific characteristics of the medical history of swallowing before and after application of botulinum toxin in patients with cervical dystonia

OBJECTIVES: To compare signs and symptoms of dysphagia in individuals with cervical dystonia (CD) before and after application of botulinum toxin (BTX). METHODS: A prospective study was conducted with 20 patients diagnosed with CD with indications for BTX application. We selected 18 patients who met the study inclusion criteria. All individuals were patients from the Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Federal University of São Paulo. BTX was applied in the cervical region at the necessary dose for each individual. To identify signs/complaints of changes in swallowing, we used a specific questionnaire that was completed by patients and/or their companions on the day of BTX injection and repeated 10 to 15 days after BTX injection. RESULTS: Among the 18 study subjects, 15 (83.3%) showed primary and three (16.7%) showed secondary cervical dystonia. The most frequent dystonic movements were rotation (18), tilt (5), forward shift (3), backward shift (7), shoulder elevation (12), shoulder depression (2), and cervical tremor (6). The main complaints reported before BTX application were voice changes in 10 (55.6%), need for adjustment of eating position in 10 (55.6%), coughing and/or choking while eating in nine (50%), and increased eating time in nine (50%) individuals. The main complaints reported after BTX application were coughing and/or choking while eating in 11 (61.1%), voice changes in nine (50%), sensation of food stuck in the throat in eight (44%), and increased eating time in eight (44%) individuals. CONCLUSION: The administration of a swallowing-specific questionnaire to individuals with CD before and after BTX application enabled the identification of possible dysphagia symptoms prior to drug treatment resulting from CD, which are often subsequently interpreted as side effects of the drug treatment. Thus, dysphagia can be managed, and aspiration symptoms can be prevented.

The positive effect of Botulinum toxin type A on the viability of random flap in tobacco exposed in rats

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of Botulinum Toxin A in different time of tobacco exposure. METHODS: 60 male, Wistar rats were divided into two tobacco exposure groups: a 2- month or a 4-month regimen. After this period, these two groups were subdivided as two: saline solution(SS) or botulinum toxin A(Bonta), at the time of the surgery. Seven days before the SS or Bonta injection, the animals were submitted to a random flap (3x10cm). On the seventh postoperative day, all animals were assessed for total flap area, viable area, and the viable/ total area ratio. RESULTS: This study showed a difference between groups 2-month saline vs. BontA injection (p=0.04); groups 4-month saline vs. BontA injection (p=0.001); groups 2-month saline vs. 4-month BontA (p=0.003), and, between groups 2- month BontA vs. 4-month saline(p=0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Botulinum Toxin A increased random flap viability in tobacco-exposed rats. Two months of tobacco exposure had the same effect as exposure for four months.

Botulinum toxin type A on cutaneous flap viability in diabetic and tobacco-exposed rats

PURPOSE:To investigate the effect of Botulinum toxin A (BoNTA) on skin flap viability in healthy, tobacco-exposed and diabetic rats.METHODS: Ninety male Wistar rats (250-300g) were randomly divided into six groups: control+saline (C1), control+BoNTA (C2), tobacco-exposed+saline (T1), tobacco-exposed+BoNTA (T2) diabetes+saline (D1) and diabetes+BoNTA (D2). A dorsal cutaneous flap (3×10cm) was performed. Survival area and total area of the flaps were measured. Lumen diameter, external arterial diameter and lumen/wall thickness ratio were recorded.RESULTS: Survival area increased in control group with BoNTA injection compared with control animals injected with saline (C2 x C1; 0.9±0.1 vs0.67±0.15, p= 0.001). A similar result was found in diabetes group injected with BontA (D2 x D1; 0.97±0.2 vs0.61±0.24, p=0.018). No difference was observed in skin flap viability in tobacco-exposed groups (T2 x T1; 0.74±0.24 vs 0.64±0.21, p=0.871). Lumen diameter (p= 0.004), external arterial diameter (p = 0.0046,) and lumen/wall thickness ratio (p= 0.003) were increased in diabetes+BoNTA-treated animals. This effect was not observed in control or in tobacco-exposed groups.CONCLUSIONS:Botulinum toxin A increased skin flap viability in control and diabetic rats on the seventh post-operative day. Increased lumen diameter, external arterial diameter, and lumen/wall thickness ratio were observed in the diabetes+BoNTA group. BoNTA had no effect in the tobacco-exposed group on the seventh postoperative day.

Study of crotoxin on the induction of paralysis in extraocular muscle in animal model / Estudo da crotoxina na indução de paralisia da musculatura extraocular em modelo animal

PURPOSE: Crotoxin is the major toxin of the venom of the South American rattlesnake Crotalus durissus terrificus, capable of causing a blockade of the neurotransmitters at the neuromuscular junction. The objective of this study was to appraise the action and effectiveness of the crotoxin induced paralysis of the extraocular muscle and to compare its effects with the botulinum toxin type A (BT-A). METHODS: The crotoxin, with LD50 of 1.5 µg, was injected into the superior rectus muscle in ten New Zealand rabbits. The concentration variance was 0.015 up to 150 µg. Two rabbits received 2 units of botulinum toxin type A for comparative analysis. The evaluation of the paralysis was performed using serial electromyography. After the functional recovery of the muscles, which occurred after two months, six rabbits were sacrificed for anatomopathology study. RESULTS: The animals did not show any evidence of systemic toxicity. Transitory ptosis was observed in almost every animal and remained up to fourteen days. These toxins caused immediate blockade of the electrical potentials. The recovery was gradual in the average of one month with regeneration signs evident on the electromyography. The paralysis effect of the crotoxin on the muscle was proportional to its concentration. The changes with 1.5 µg crotoxin were similar to those produced by the botulinum toxin type A. The histopathology findings were localized to the site of the injection. No signs of muscle fiber's necrosis were seen in any sample. The alterations induced by crotoxin were also proportional to the concentration and similar to botulinum toxin type A in concentration of 1.5 µg. CONCLUSION: Crotoxin was able to induce transitory paralysis of the superior rectus muscle. This effect was characterized by reduction of action potentials and non-specific signs of fibrillation. Crotoxin, in concentration of 1.5 µg was able to induce similar effects as botulinum toxin type A.

OBJETIVO: A crotoxina é a principal toxina do veneno da cobra cascavel sul-americana Crotalus durissus terrificus e causa bloqueio da neurotransmissão na junção neuromuscular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação e aplicabilidade da crotoxina na indução de paralisia da musculatura extrínseca ocular, e comparar seus efeitos com os da toxina botulínica do tipo A (TB-A). MÉTODOS: A crotoxina, com DL50 de 1,5 µg, foi aplicada no músculo reto superior direito de dez coelhos da raça neozelandesa, em concentrações que variaram de 0,015 µg a 150 µg. Em dois coelhos, utilizou-se 2 unidades de toxina botulínica do tipo A para análise comparativa. A avaliação da paralisia foi realizada através de eletromiografia seriada. Após a recuperação, que ocorreu em dois meses, seis coelhos foram sacrificados para estudo anátomopatológico. RESULTADOS: Os animais não apresentaram sinais de intoxicação sistêmica. Ptose palpebral transitória foi observada em quase todos os animais e permaneceu por até 14 dias. As toxinas causaram um bloqueio imediato da captação dos potenciais elétricos. A recuperação foi gradativa no período aproximado de um mês, observando-se sinais evidentes de regeneração no registro eletromiográfico. Os efeitos da crotoxina na paralização do músculo injetado foram proporcionais à concentração. A crotoxina, na concentração de 1,5 µg, induziu alterações semelhantes às da toxina botulínica do tipo A. Os achados anátomo-patológicos foram localizados somente na região em que se aplicou as toxinas, não havendo necrose de fibras musculares em nenhuma amostra analisada. As alterações causadas pela crotoxina também foram proporcionais à concentração utilizada e similares a toxina botulínica do tipo A na concentração de 1,5 µg. CONCLUSÃO: A crotoxina foi capaz de induzir paralisia transitória do músculo reto superior. Este efeito foi caracterizado pela redução na amplitude dos potenciais de ação e sinais inespecíficos de fibrilação. Observou-se que a ação da crotoxina, em concentração de 1,5 µg, proporcionou efeito semelhante ao da toxina botulínica do tipo A.

Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials.

The use of plants is as old as the mankind. Natural products are cheap and claimed to be safe. They are also suitable raw material for production of new synthetic agents. Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) is a common household plant grown in many parts of the world. It is used for flavouring food, a beverage drink, as well as in cosmetics; in folk.medicine it is used as an antispasmodic in renal colic and dysmenorrhoea, in relieving respiratory disorders and to stimulate growth of hair. Extract of rosemary relaxes smooth muscles of trachea and intestine, and has choleretic, hepatoprotective and antitumerogenic activity. The most important constituents of rosemary are caffeic acid and its derivatives such as rosmarinic acid. These compounds have antioxidant effect. The phenolic compound, rosmarinic acid, obtains one of its phenolic rings from phenylalanine via caffeic acid and the other from tyrosine via dihydroxyphenyl-lactic acid. Relatively large-scale production of rosmarinic acid can be obtained from the cell culture of Coleus blumei Benth when supplied exogenously with phenylalanine and tyrosine. Rosmarinic acid is well absorbed from gastrointestinal tract and from the skin. It increases the production of prostaglandin E2 and reduces the production of leukotriene B4 in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and inhibits the complement system. It is concluded that rosemary and its constituents especially caffeic acid derivatives such as rosmarinic acid have a therapeutic potential in treatment or prevention of bronchial asthma, spasmogenic disorders, peptic ulcer, inflammatory diseases, hepatotoxicity, atherosclerosis, ischaemic heart disease, cataract, cancer and poor sperm motility.